英語(yǔ)中哪些詞常與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)英語(yǔ)16種時(shí)態(tài)中不易掌握的一種時(shí)態(tài),不僅用法法復(fù)雜,而且還通常要與某些特定的詞語(yǔ)連用。本文對(duì)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常連用的詞語(yǔ)作一歸納,供大家參考。
一、since不管since 是用作介詞、連詞還是副詞,它通常都與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用。如:Charles has worked hard since leaving school. 自從離開(kāi)學(xué)校以來(lái)查爾斯工作一直很努力。(since為介詞) Great changes have taken place here since 1978. 自1978年以來(lái)這里發(fā)生了巨大的變化。(since為介詞)Her reading has improved greatly since she changed schools. 自從她轉(zhuǎn)校以來(lái),她的閱讀水平提高了很多。(since為連詞) You haven’t changed muchfy; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-s since we last met. 自從上次我們見(jiàn)面以來(lái),你變化不大。(since為連詞) She moved to London last May and has since got a job on a newspaper. 她去年五月到倫敦,此后一直在報(bào)社工作。(since為副詞) He left school in 1983. I haven’t seen him since. 他1983年離開(kāi)學(xué)校。打那時(shí)起我一直沒(méi)見(jiàn)過(guò)他。(since為副詞)
【幾點(diǎn)說(shuō)明】1. 表示時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度時(shí),通常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如:How long is it since you arrived? 你到來(lái)多久了?It is [=has been] ten years since he left here. 他離開(kāi)這兒已10年了。2. 對(duì)于某些表示狀態(tài)(如seem等)的動(dòng)詞,或因句義等方面的原因,有時(shí)可能用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)比用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)更合適。如:It seems like years since we last met. 我們似乎幾年未見(jiàn)面了。 Since when does the $42 plus $5 service charge come to $48? 從什么什候開(kāi)始42元加5元的服務(wù)費(fèi)等于48元了? 3. 若不是指從過(guò)去持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,而是指從較遠(yuǎn)的過(guò)去持續(xù)到一個(gè)較近的過(guò)去,則用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。比較:He hasn’t eaten anything since Tuesday. 自星期二以來(lái)他一直未吃東西。(自星期二以來(lái)他一直未吃東西。指從星期二到現(xiàn)在未吃東西)Yesterday he told me that he hadn’t eaten anything since Tuesday. 他昨天告訴我自星期二以來(lái)他一直未吃任何東西。(指從星期二至昨天未吃東西
二、in the last five years類(lèi)似于in the last five years的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),它若表示從現(xiàn)在算起的過(guò)去一段時(shí)間內(nèi),通常要與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用。如:This company has come a long way in the last five years. 最近五年這個(gè)公司已經(jīng)前進(jìn)了一大步。The house has changed hands three times in the last two years. 在過(guò)去兩年中,這棟房子已轉(zhuǎn)手三次。Is that the sum of what you’ve done in the last two years? 這就是你最近兩年中完成的全部數(shù)量嗎?【注】其中的介詞in有時(shí)也可換成for, during, over, within 等,有時(shí)也可省去。如:I have been here for the last two weeks. 最近兩周我一直在這里。Over the last few years, prices have fallen sharply. 在過(guò)去的幾年中,價(jià)格已急劇下降了。My business has decreased during the last two months. 最近兩個(gè)月內(nèi),我的生意減少了。另外,若不是表示從現(xiàn)在算起的過(guò)去一段時(shí)間,則不用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如:Jim managed two goals in the last ten minutes. 在最后的10分鐘內(nèi),吉姆設(shè)法得了兩分?!颈容^】I didn’t see much of Harry in the last months. 在最后的幾個(gè)月中,我很少看見(jiàn)哈里。I haven’t seen much of Harry in the last months. 在最近的幾個(gè)月中,我很少看見(jiàn)哈里。
三、in the past five years類(lèi)似于in the past five years的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),它表示從現(xiàn)在算起的過(guò)去一段時(shí)間,因此通常要與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用。如:的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),它表示從現(xiàn)在算I’ve seen little of her in the past few weeks. 近幾周我很少見(jiàn)到她。We’ve planted thousands of trees in the past five years. 過(guò)去五年我們種了成千上萬(wàn)棵樹(shù)。Population has increased by 200% in the past 25 years. 人口在過(guò)去25年內(nèi)增加了200%。【注】其中的介詞in有時(shí)也可換成for, during, over, within 等,有時(shí)也可省去。如:He’s been in a coma for the past six weeks. 在過(guò)去的六個(gè)星期中,他一直昏迷不醒。People have changed their diets a lot over the past few years. 在過(guò)去的幾年中,人們的飲食習(xí)慣已改變了很大。Within the past few minutes, the President has issued a statement. 在過(guò)去的幾分鐘里,總統(tǒng)發(fā)表了一項(xiàng)聲明。另外,有時(shí)可能用含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的完成式。如:I must have slept three hours in the past day and a half. 在過(guò)去的一天半時(shí)間里,我肯定只睡了三個(gè)小時(shí)。
四、over the yearsover the years 的意思是“這些年來(lái)”“經(jīng)過(guò)這么多年之后”“最近幾年”,通常表示的是從現(xiàn)在算起的過(guò)去幾年,因此通常與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用。如:She’s brought us so much happiness over the years. 這些年來(lái),她給我們帶來(lái)了不少的幸福。We’ve had a few arguments over the years, but in general we get on very well. 最近幾年來(lái),我們爭(zhēng)吵過(guò)幾次,但總的說(shuō)來(lái),我們相處得很好。Women’s social status hasn’t changed much over the years. 這些年來(lái)婦女的社會(huì)地位沒(méi)有多大改變。Over the years I’ve learnt to remember how to survive, and how to forget pain. 這些年來(lái),我已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了記住怎樣掙扎求生和怎樣忘卻痛苦。
【注】當(dāng)不強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響時(shí),該短語(yǔ)有時(shí)也可與一般過(guò)去時(shí)或過(guò)去完成時(shí)連用。如: Over the years, her love for him deepened. 在過(guò)去的幾年中,她對(duì)他的愛(ài)進(jìn)一步加深了。She’d suffered terribly over the years but it hadn’t made her bitter. 她在過(guò)去的幾年中吃了不少苦,但這并沒(méi)有讓她產(chǎn)生怨恨。有時(shí)over the years還可表示在將來(lái)的幾年中,此時(shí)可與將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)連用。如:The brickwork will mellow over the years so that it blends with the surroundings. 再過(guò)幾年,這磚墻將會(huì)變?nèi)岷?,這樣它就會(huì)與周?chē)沫h(huán)境和諧一致了。
五、so far當(dāng)so far表示“到目前為止”時(shí),它指的是從過(guò)去某時(shí)持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的一段時(shí)間,因此通常與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用。如:So far there has been no bad news. 到現(xiàn)在為止還沒(méi)有什么壞消息。We agreed to meet here but so far he hasn’t turned up yet. 我們講好在這里見(jiàn)面的,但到目前為止他還沒(méi)有來(lái)。So far the work has been easy, but things may change. 到目前為止,這工作很容易,但情況可能有變化。Thankfully, the land has so far escaped . 謝天謝地,至今這塊土地尚未開(kāi)發(fā)過(guò)?!咀ⅰ慨?dāng)so far表示“到這種程度或范圍”時(shí),則不一定與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用,而是可以根據(jù)情況選用時(shí)態(tài)。如:I can only help him so far. 我只能幫他到這種程度。
六、up to nowup to nowup to now 的意思是“到現(xiàn)在為此”,指從過(guò)去持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的一段時(shí)間,通常與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用。如:Up to now he’s been quiet. 他直到此刻仍保持沉默。Her life has run smoothly up to now. 她的生活到目前仍一帆風(fēng)順。Up to now, the work has been easy. 到現(xiàn)在為止這工作還算容易。
七、until nowuntil now 的意思是“直到現(xiàn)在(為止)”,表示從過(guò)去某時(shí)持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的一段時(shí)間,通常與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用。如:Until now I have always lived alone. 我一直獨(dú)自生活至今。Until now the President has shut his eyes to this problem. 總統(tǒng)至今仍對(duì)這個(gè)問(wèn)題視而不見(jiàn)。
【注】以下兩句中的until now比較特殊,因?yàn)槠渲械膗ntil與前面的“否定”構(gòu)成了類(lèi)似于not…until…(直到……才)這樣的句式,此時(shí),句子通常用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如:(直到……才)這樣的句式,此時(shí),句子通常用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如:I was unaware of his existence until now. 現(xiàn)在我才知道有他這么個(gè)人。I never realized I loved you until now. 我至今才意識(shí)到我愛(ài)你。另外,until有兩個(gè)意思,一是表示“到……為止”,二是表示“在……以前”,所以u(píng)ntil now除表示“到現(xiàn)在為止”外,有時(shí)還可表示“在此之前”(即過(guò)去),此時(shí)它可與一般過(guò)去時(shí)連用。如:Until now I thought that this sort of accident was the owner’s fault but now I know differently. 過(guò)去我一直認(rèn)為這類(lèi)事故是車(chē)主的過(guò)錯(cuò),但現(xiàn)在我有了不同看法。
八、It’s the first time that…It’s the first [second, third…] time that… 的意思是“這是第一次(第二次、第三次……)做某事”。句首的it有時(shí)也可換成this, that等。如:It’s the second time I’ve come here. 這是我第二次來(lái)這兒。It’s the first time that he has seen an elephant. 這是他第一次見(jiàn)到大象。This is the first time that I’ve heard her sing. 這是我頭一次聽(tīng)她唱歌。若主句用一般過(guò)去時(shí),則that從句通常用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。如:It was the first time that I had ever driven a taxi. 這是我第一次開(kāi)出租車(chē)。
九、just副詞just表示“剛剛”時(shí),在英國(guó)英語(yǔ)中常與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用,而在美國(guó)英語(yǔ)中常與一般過(guò)去時(shí)連用。如:He (has) just arrived in Japan. 他剛到日本。The clock (has) just struck three. 鐘剛敲過(guò)三點(diǎn)。Poor Jim (has) just had an accident. 可憐的吉姆剛出個(gè)事故。 十、before,imes New Roman'; mso-han recently, in the past副詞before的意思是“以前”,副詞recently的意思是“最近”,介詞短語(yǔ)in the past的意思是“過(guò)去”。一般說(shuō)來(lái),它們既可與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用(強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響或與現(xiàn)在的聯(lián)系),也可與一般過(guò)去時(shí)連用(客觀(guān)地陳述過(guò)去的情況)。如:客觀(guān)地陳述過(guò)去的情況I (have) read the book before. 我以前讀過(guò)這本書(shū)。He has done [did] this sort of work before. 他以前干過(guò)這種工作。I hear that he went [has gone] abroad recently. 我聽(tīng)說(shuō)他最近出國(guó)了。In the past I (have) had many jobs. 以前我做過(guò)許多工作。In the past people thought that the sun turned round the earth. 過(guò)去人們認(rèn)為太陽(yáng)是繞著地球轉(zhuǎn)。