過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示在過(guò)去較早的時(shí)間內(nèi)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,并對(duì)過(guò)去某一刻的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)產(chǎn)生結(jié)果。過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)由had been加現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成。
1.1 過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成
肯定句:主語(yǔ) + had been + 現(xiàn)在分詞...
疑問(wèn)句:疑問(wèn)代詞/疑問(wèn)副詞 + had + 主語(yǔ) + been + 現(xiàn)在分詞...?
1.2 過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的肯定句
句型:主語(yǔ) + had been + 現(xiàn)在分詞...
過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的肯定句由“助動(dòng)詞had + been(been為be動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞) + 現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成:
She was tired. She had been working all day.她很累了。她整天都在工作。
When I first met Jane,she had been working in that school for10years.我第一次遇到簡(jiǎn)的時(shí)候,她已在那所學(xué)校干了10年了。
1.3 過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的特殊疑問(wèn)句
句型:疑問(wèn)代詞/疑問(wèn)副詞 + had + 主語(yǔ) + been + 現(xiàn)在分詞...?
過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的特殊疑問(wèn)句是將疑問(wèn)代詞/疑問(wèn)副詞置于助動(dòng)詞had之前(had的第一個(gè)字母無(wú)需大寫(xiě)),和一般疑問(wèn)句差不多;這種語(yǔ)序是倒裝語(yǔ)序。就主語(yǔ)提問(wèn)時(shí),將疑問(wèn)代詞或帶有疑問(wèn)限定詞的名詞詞組置于助動(dòng)詞had之前,在句尾加問(wèn)號(hào);這種語(yǔ)序是陳述句語(yǔ)序:
How long had it been raining before you shut the window? 你關(guān)窗戶(hù)之前雨下了多久了?
1.4 過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法
1.表示過(guò)去某時(shí)以前持續(xù)的動(dòng)作
過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的主要特點(diǎn)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的主要特點(diǎn)基本相似,只是時(shí)間推移到了過(guò)去:
I was tired that day,because I had been working all day.我那天累了,我干了一整天的活。
His eyes were red. It was obvious that he had been working too hard.他眼睛紅了,顯然是前一段時(shí)間他工作太緊張了。
過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作從過(guò)去某時(shí)開(kāi)始,一直延續(xù)到另一個(gè)過(guò)去時(shí)刻,到那個(gè)時(shí)刻,該動(dòng)作可能剛剛終止,也可能還在繼續(xù):
At last they got the information they had been expecting.最后他們得到了盼望得到的信息。(剛剛終止)
When I got home,I found that Jack had been working on his home-work.當(dāng)我回家時(shí),發(fā)現(xiàn)杰克在做作業(yè)。(可能還在繼續(xù))
過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作已經(jīng)結(jié)束,但其結(jié)果仍影響到過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻:
It had been snowing for several days. The ground was all covered with snow.接連下了幾天的雪,地上到處是積雪。
某些表示持續(xù)動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞如work(工作),teach(教授),study(學(xué)習(xí)),sing(演唱)等,在與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用時(shí),可用過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)和過(guò)去完成時(shí),表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作一直延續(xù)到過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻,但前者更強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的持續(xù)性和不間斷性:
I'd been studying for2hours when he called.他打電話來(lái)的時(shí)候,我持續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)了兩個(gè)小時(shí)。
I'd studied for2hours when he called.他打電話來(lái)的時(shí)候,我已經(jīng)學(xué)習(xí)了兩個(gè)小時(shí)了。
2.用于得出結(jié)論
過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示根據(jù)直接或間接的證據(jù)而得出結(jié)論:
His eyes were red. It was obvious that he had been working too hard.他的眼睛紅了,顯然前一段時(shí)間他工作太緊張了。
3.用于間接引語(yǔ)
They said they had been having a match with Class One.他們說(shuō)剛才和1班進(jìn)行了一場(chǎng)比賽。
這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)的用法可以下圖表示: