bowler

圓頂禮帽

This iconic hard felt hat is named after William Bowler, the English hatter who created it in 1850. It is believed that Edward Coke, the younger brother of the 2nd Earl of Leicester, initially commissioned the design for his gamekeepers who needed to protect their heads from low-hanging branches while on horseback.
這種標志性的硬氈帽是以威廉·寶樂的名字命名的。這位英國帽商在1850年發(fā)明了這種帽子。據(jù)說，萊斯特伯爵二世的弟弟愛德華·寇克最初是為他的守門員委托設(shè)計的。他的守門員騎在馬背上時，需要保護他們的頭免受低垂樹枝的傷害。

boycott

抵制

The term boycott entered the English language during the Irish Land War to denote a withdrawal from “commercial or social relations with a country, organization, or person as a punishment or protest”. It comes from the name of Captain Charles Boycott, a land agent in Ireland, who was a prominent early recipient of such treatment with the encouragement of the Irish Land League in the autumn of 1880.
這個術(shù)語是在愛爾蘭土地戰(zhàn)爭時期被納入英語的。該術(shù)語表示不與一個國家，組織或者個人維持商業(yè)或者社會關(guān)系，以此作為懲罰或抗議的手段。這個術(shù)語來自于將軍查理·博弈寇特，一位愛爾蘭地產(chǎn)商。1880年秋天，在愛爾蘭土地聯(lián)盟的鼓勵下，他是最早接受這項措施的杰出人物。

Braille

盲文

It was the French educator Louis Braille who gave his name to a form of written language for the blind or visually impaired –now simply known as Braille. Interestingly, Braille devised the system after learning of the military cryptography of French Army Captain Charles Barbier. The officer had come up with a code of dots impressed on paper that allowed soldiers to communicate in the dark.
這是一位法國教育家路易斯·布萊葉以其名命名了為盲人和視力受損的人所準備的一種書寫語言，現(xiàn)在簡稱布萊葉盲文。有趣的是，布萊葉是在得知了法國將軍查理·芭比的軍事密碼學之后，發(fā)明了這套系統(tǒng)。這位長官想出了通過印在紙上的點碼讓士兵們在黑暗中交流的方法。

diesel

柴油機

French-born German engineer Rudolf Diesel is credited with inventing the diesel engine (also known simply as diesel). He patented the design for a new, more efficient internal-combustion engine in 1892; the first prototype was exhibited in 1897.
為了表彰這位生于法國的德國工程師汝道夫·迪叟發(fā)明柴油機，他的名字就被命名為柴油機。1892年，他用一個更有效率的新內(nèi)燃機引擎為這項設(shè)計申請了專利。最初的柴油機原型在1897年被展出。

Ferris wheel

Ferris wheel
摩天輪

The original Ferris wheel was constructed by the American engineer George W. G. Ferris. It was opened at the World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893 as the largest attraction with a height of 80.4 metres, intended to rival the centrepiece of the 1889 Paris Exposition –the Eiffel Tower.
最初的摩天輪是由美國工程師喬治·W·G·費瑞斯建造的。高80.4米的摩天輪于1893年芝加哥世界博覽會上作為最大的亮點向世人開放，為的是和1889年巴黎博覽會的亮點——埃菲爾鐵塔一較高下。

Heimlich-manoeuvre

Heimlich manoeuvre
海姆利克氏操作法

The term Heimlich manoeuvre is eponymously derived from the name of Henry Judah Heimlich, the American doctor who developed the procedure in the 1970s.
這個術(shù)語海姆利克氏操作法得名于亨利·J·海姆利克。這位美國醫(yī)生在20世紀70年代發(fā)明了這種操作法。

Kalashnikov

Kalashnikov
卡拉西尼科夫來復槍

In 1947, the Russian lieutenant and small arms designer Mikhail Kalashnikov created a sub-machine gun for the Soviet Army. The AK-47, short for Avtomat Kalashnikova model 1947, or simply Kalashnikov, went on to become the standard issue assault rifle of the Red Army.
1947年，這位俄國上尉兼輕武器設(shè)計師卡拉什尼科夫為蘇聯(lián)軍隊發(fā)明了一款沖鋒槍。AK-47是卡拉西尼科夫來1947型復槍的簡稱。它成為紅軍的標準突擊步槍。

Mason-jar

Mason jar
梅森食品瓶

This wide-mouthed glass jar, commonly also referred to as Mason, was created by the American tinsmith John Landis Mason, who was granted a US patent in 1858. Sadly his invention didn’t make him rich –Mason died in poverty in 1902.
大口玻璃瓶普遍被稱為梅森。這種食品瓶是由美國錫匠約翰·L 梅森發(fā)明，于1858年被作為一項美國專利?？上В陌l(fā)明沒讓他變富。1902年，他在貧困潦倒中死去。

Petri

Petri dish
皮氏培養(yǎng)皿

German bacteriologist Julius Richard Petri was working at the Kaiserliches Gesundheitsamt (Imperial Health Office) in Berlin from 1877 to 1879 as an assistant to Robert Koch when he invented a transparent dish used for the culture of microorganisms –the Petri dish.
1877年~1879年，德國細菌學者朱利斯·理察·佩特里在柏林帝國衛(wèi)生局工作，作為羅伯特·科赫的助理。在這段時間里，他發(fā)明了一個微生物透明培養(yǎng)皿，又稱皮氏培養(yǎng)皿。

Pilates

Pilates
普拉提

Pilates –a system of exercises using special apparatus –got its name from Joseph Pilates, a German-born physical fitness specialist. He developed the system in the UK and US during the first half of the 20th century after having studied both Eastern and Western forms of exercise.
普拉提是用特殊設(shè)備進行健身的鍛煉方法，用約瑟夫·皮拉提斯的名字命名了它。他是德國健身專家。在二十世紀上半葉，他在英國和美國學習了東西方健身方式之后發(fā)明了這個鍛煉方法。