IV. Trade Unions and the Labour Party
工會和工黨

1. The Trade Union Act of 1871 legalized the trade unions and gave financial security.
1871年通過的《工會法》使工會合法化并給其財政保障。

2. The Labor Party had its origin in the Independent Labor Party(ILP), which was formed in January, 1893. In 1900, representatives of trade unions, the ILP, and a number of small socialist societies set up the Labor Representation Committee (LRC). The LRC changed its name to the Labor Party for the general election called for in 1906.
工黨起源于獨立工黨，于1893年1月成立。1900年，工會代表，獨立工黨和許多小型社會主義社團一起成立了工人代表委員會。1906年的大選迫使工人代表委員會及時更名為工黨。

V. Colonial Expansion
殖民擴張

1. The growth of dominions
自治領的興起

English colonial expansion began with the colonization of Newfoundland in 1583. Encouraged by Britain's control of the seas, especially by the rising tide of emigration, British colonialists stepped up their expansion to Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, in the late 18th and the early 19th centuries. By 1900, Britain had built up a big empire, "on which the sun never set". It consisted of a vast number of protectorates, Crown colonies, spheres of influence, and self-governing dominions. It included 25% of the world's population and area.
英國殖民擴張開始于1583年紐芬蘭的殖民化。在18世紀末、19世紀初，受到海外移民浪潮的鼓舞，英國殖民者很快加他們的擴張到加拿大、澳大利亞、新西蘭。到1900年英國已建立了"日不落"的大英帝國，包括受保護國、英國殖民地、勢力范圍和自治領，占世界人口與面積的25%。

Canadawas ceded to Britain by the 1763 Treaty of Paris. French rights were guaranteed by the Quebec Act of 1774. The Canada Act of 1791 divided Canada into Upper Canada where the British had settled, and Lower Canada populated by the French. The British North America Act of 1867 established Canada as a dominion.
1763年簽訂的《巴黎條約》將加拿大割讓給英國。1774年的《魁北克法》保證了法國的權益。之后，1791年《加拿娃哈哈》把加拿大分為上加拿大和下加拿大，前者是英國人的定居地，后者是法國人的居住點。1867年《英國北美法案》確定加拿大為自治領。

English began to transport convicts to Australia in 1788. Free settlement began in 1816, and no convicts were sent to Australia after 1840. The gold rushes (1851-1892) brought more people to Australia, and in 1901 the six self-governing wer united in one dominion-the independent Commonwealth of Australia.
1788年英國人開始把囚犯流放到澳大利亞。1816年開始可以自由定居，1840年后囚犯不再流放到澳大利亞。1851年至1892年的淘金熱使更多的人擁到澳洲。1901年，六個自治領統(tǒng)一為一個自治領-澳大利亞獨立聯(lián)邦。

New Zealand became a separate colony of Britain in 1841, achieved self-government in 1857, became a dominion under the British crown in 1907 and was made completely independent in 1931.
1841年新西蘭成為了英國的殖民地，1857年獲得自治權，1907年成為自治領，1931年完全獨立。

The British East India Company established in 1600. By 1819 the British conquest of most India was almost complete. After the muting of Bengal army in 1857, the control of India passed to the British Crown and Queen Victoria became Empress of India in 1877.
1600年英國東印度公司的建立是經(jīng)濟滲透的實例。到1819年英國對印度的征服已基本完成。1857年東印度公司孟加拉軍隊的當?shù)厥勘l(fā)動兵變后，1858年印度改由英國君主統(tǒng)治。1877年維多利來女王正式成為印度女皇。

2. The Scramble for Africa
對非洲的掠奪

At the beginning of the 19th century British possessions were confined to forts and slave trading posts on the west coast. Over the 19th century the interior of Africa was gradually discovered and colonized by Europeans. Britain led the way in the race. Apart from the colonies in the South and West, Britain was also involved in the North East in Egypt and the Sudan.
19世紀初英國的占領地局限于西海岸的堡壘和奴隸交易點。整個19世紀歐洲人逐漸發(fā)現(xiàn)并殖民了非洲內(nèi)陸。在這場瓜分競賽中英國占了較大的優(yōu)勢。除了不斷擴張的南部和西部殖民地后，英國又凱覦東北的埃及和蘇丹。

3. Aggression against China
侵略中國

In 1840, the Opium War broke out between Britain and China. Since then, Britain gradually invaded many coastal areas and imposed a series of unequal treaties upon China.
1840年英國和中國發(fā)動了鴉片戰(zhàn)爭。從那時起，英國逐漸侵略了中國的許多沿海城市，并簽定了許多不平等條約。

VI. Twentieth Century
二十世紀

1. Britain and the First World War
英國和第一次世界大戰(zhàn)

The Work War I was fought from 1914 to 1918 primarily between two European Power blocs: "the Central power". Germany and Austria-Hungary, and the "Allies", Britain, France and Russia. During the war, the Britain lost much. Apart from the loss of manpower, there had been considerable disruption of the economy and society. Out of the war settlement came the establishment of the league of Nations.
第一次世界大戰(zhàn)是從1914年至1918年，戰(zhàn)爭主要在兩大歐洲集團間進行："同盟國"，包括德國和奧匈帝國，和"協(xié)約國"，包括英國、法國和俄羅斯。一戰(zhàn)中英國損失慘重。除了勞動力損失，還有巨大的經(jīng)濟與社會瓦解。

2. Britain Between the Two World Wars
兩次世界大戰(zhàn)之間的英國

The effects of the New York Stock Market Crash of 1929 soon spread throughout Europe and by 1931 Britain was entering the Great depression.
1929年紐約股票交易所崩潰的影響迅速波及歐洲，到1931年英國進入經(jīng)濟大蕭條。

3. Britain and the Second World War
英國與第二次世界大戰(zhàn)

As Adolf Hitler and Nazism showed off their aggressive momentum in Europe, Chamberlain, the Prime Minister, found his policy of appeasement of German aggression was no longer tenable, and was forced to declare war on Germany on September 3,1939.
當阿道夫希特勒及納粹主義顯示他們對歐洲的侵略意圖時，首相張伯倫發(fā)現(xiàn)他的綏靖政策已站不住腳，只得于1939年9月3日對德宣戰(zhàn)。

4. Postwar Britian
戰(zhàn)后的英國

(1) One of the most far-reaching consequences of the War was that it hastened the end of Britain's empire.
二戰(zhàn)最為深遠的結果之一是加速了大英帝國的瓦解。

(2) In 1952 Princess Elizabeth was crowned Queen Elizabeth II. Many people through television saw the ceremony.
1952年伊莉莎白公主加冕成為伊莉莎白女王二世。新發(fā)明的電視使許多人看到了加冕儀式的過程。

(4) In January 1973, Britain became a full member of the European Economic Community which was still called the Common Market in 1973. Britain witnessed the first oil shock in 1973.
1973年1月，英國終于成為歐洲經(jīng)濟共同體的正式成員國。1973年仍稱為共同市場。1973年英國經(jīng)歷了第一次石油禁運。

(5) Mrs Thatcher
撒切爾主義

Thatcherism referred to the policies put forward by Margaret Thatcher, the first woman prime minister in England in 1979. The main contents of her policies included the return to private ownership of state-owned industries, the use of monetarist policies to control inflation, the weakening of trade unions the strengthening of the role of market forces in the economy, and an emphasis on law and order. To some extent her program was successful and she led one of the most remarkable periods in the British economy.
1979年撒切爾夫人成為英國第一任女首相。她提出的政策被為"撒切爾主義"。其內(nèi)容包括國有工業(yè)私有化，采用貨幣主義政策以控制通貨膨脹，削弱工會的影響，加強市場因素在經(jīng)濟中的作用，強調(diào)法律和秩序。在一定程度上講，她的計劃是成功的。她領導英國經(jīng)濟度過了一段最繁榮的時期之一。